![]() ![]() Because of the differences in realism and reliability over the past several decades, the strength design method has displaced the older stress design method. The allowable stresses are fractions of the crushing strength of concrete (fc') and the yield strength (fy). The actual loads or working loads acting on the structure are estimated and members are proportioned on the basis of certain allowable stresses in concrete and steel. ![]() This design concept is based on elastic theory, assuming a straight line stress distribution along the depth of the concrete. The ACI code emphasizes this method of design. The load factor represents a high percentage of factor for safety required in the design. In the strength design method, actual loads or working loads are multiplied by load factor to obtain the ultimate design loads. Although there is additional strength in the bar after yielding (due to Strain Hardening), this additional strength in the bar is not considered in the analysis or design of the reinforced concrete members. It is based on the ultimate strength of the structural members assuming a failure condition, whether due to the crushing of concrete or due to the yield of reinforced steel bars. Must be able to perform the function, it is built for. Serviceability: No excessive deflection, no excessive deformation and no cracking or vibrations No excessive reinforcement. In order to fulfill its purpose, the structure must meet its conditions of safety, serviceability, economy and functionality. The design of a structure may be regarded as the process of selecting proper materials and proportioned elements of the structure, according to the art, engineering science and technology.
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